The Datafile PD-CD 1 Issue 2/PDCD-1 - Issue 02.iso/_utilities/utilities/004/fsck/MapExpl

Text File | 1994-06-26 | 14KB | 275 lines

This file is aimed at all the people who want to understand more about disc
maps without going deeply into technical speech. If you have just some
questions you can try to read the "Possible Questions" section and ignore the
rest.

This file will only deal with new format maps (E-Format) since the old ones
(D-Format) are completely out-of-date.


E-Format map, an easy explanation (I hope!)
-------------------------------------------

Before starting with the map itself, we have to speak about files and disc
structure.

Each file on a disc (including directories) can be identified from a SIN
(System Internal Number) that is stored together with all the other file
informations (name, filetype, size, etc.) in the directory that contains the
file. The SIN is made up by two parts, the file number and the sector offset
(more on this next).

The disc (HD or floppy) is physically made up by a number of heads (2 for
floppies), tracks and sectors per track. RISC OS will generally ignore this
and will consider the disc as a consecutive sequence of sectors.

The map of an E-Format disc is divided into zones: each zone represents a
number of consecutive sectors and can be considered as a stand-alone entity.
So, unless specified, the map format can be applied in the same way to both
single-zone discs (like 800K floppies) and multi-zone ones.
Note that there are no relations between the physical disc structure (ie.
number of heads, tracks, etc.) and the zones subdivision.

On each disc there are 2 copies of the map (one is taken as a backup): quite
ironically the 2 maps are (obviously!) always identical, so if the first is
corrupted the second is of no use. The second map can be useful only if the
first one has been physically damaged but (apparently) RISC OS always read
the first and ignores the other...

Each zone consists of a list of blocks of variable length, each one
representing an occupied or a free part of the disc; the formers contain
the file numbers (ie. the first part of a SIN) and the latters contain a
link to the next free-space block. If you know the SIN of a file, you can
easily find out where it is located in the zone and so you can know the exact
position of the file on the disc (ie. the disc address).
The same file number can appear in more than one block, in the same or in
different zones, if a file is fragmented in small chunks; this way you can
also have files that straddle across two or more zones.

Sometimes two or more files have the same file number but different sector
offset (ie. the second part of a SIN): this means that in the map they appear
to be a single file (occupying only one block) but, knowing the SIN, it is
possible to find out the right address of each one. This trick is useful to
avoid a lot of disc space wasting: because of the organization of the map,
each block must occupy a minimum fixed length (that generally depends on the
size of the HD) and so, even if the file is really short, it has to use up
some extra disc space. Thanks to the sector offsets, a lot of small files
can share the same block (thus the same file number) but each one could only
use the size of a physical sector.

I tried to explain the map structure in a simplified way, without going deeply
into the real data structure (bit streams, checksums, etc.), but I think I
said enough to allow you to understand:


What can go wrong
-----------------

Obviously the above structure is really rigid and there is no place for
errors!áUnfortunately errors always occur because of unexpected power down,
system crashes, physical damages, (errors in FileCore module itself?), etc;
this is a list of possible problems:

- different file lengths in map and directory: if the allocated length in the
  map is more than the one in the directory you can ignore this (but you have
  some lost space) but in the opposite case RISC OS generally crashes if you
  try to load the file.

- a file number is allocated in the map but not in the directory structure:
  you have some space occupied in the map by an inexistent file.

- a file has a file number that isn't allocated in the map: generally RISC OS
  hangs the computer if you try to load the file.

- the free space linked list is broken: there is some free space that isn't
  linked with the others, thus it is lost (it is no more free...).

In these cases (except in the ones that make RISC OS to crash) *CheckMap
reports an inconsistency.
Unfortunately there is a worse case:

- the checksum of one or more zones is wrong: in this case (apparently easy
  to fix) RISC OS isn't able to recognise the disc properly. Using a Disc
  Doctor tool it should be possible to manually fix the problem.

Another quite common error (not directly related to the map) is:

- broken directory: this error is issued when RISC OS finds a directory that
  has some 'strange' data in it (no directory identifier, wrong checksum,
  etc.). The only way to cure this is to remove the directory from its parent
  but unfortunately this is impossible using standard commands (wipe, delete,
  remove). Broken directories usually lead to inconsistent maps because all
  the files contained in them disappear from the directory structure but not
  from the map (see above).


What can be wasted
------------------

Because of the disc structure and the map organization, some space can be
'naturally' wasted.

First of all, the sector bounds are a physical limit and so all the files
must be 'sector aligned'. So, on a 512 bytes sector sized HD, a 1 byte file
always uses (at least) 512 bytes, while a 513 bytes one uses 1024 bytes.

But the real waste of space is caused by the map organization: as I already
said, there is a minimun length for each map block (from now I will consider
it to be 4K but note that this is only an example).

This is not so bad because more than one file can share it, hence 4*1K files
can fill up the same block wasting no space. The bad point is that only
files in the same directory can share blocks, so 4*1K files in 4 different
directories will use 16K.

A directory always needs 2K of disc space to keep its data. Since a directory
from the map point of view is just a file, it will still use 4K: fortunately
it can share the remaining 2K with files contained in it (not with files from
its parent). If a directory contains a 2K file or 2*1K files all the space is
used but if it contains only files longer than 2K the space will be wasted.

Wasted space isn't lost space: if you have an empty directory you will waste
2K. But when you delete it you will regain the whole 4K, no loss. If you save
a 1K file in it, the free space on your disc will remain the same and the
wasted space will be just 1K.

During normal operations, there is no way to avoid wasting space: RISC OS
does all the work and you don't have to worry about the file allocation
strategy. Anyway, sometimes you can recover some wasted space by simply
copying a file, deleting the original one and renaming the new one as the old
one (usually it is better to copy the whole content of a directory to another
and then rename the whole directory back) but don't expect too much gain...


*CheckMap and *Compact
----------------------

CheckMap performs quite a simple task: it just scans the directory tree and
checks that all the file numbers in the map are actually contained in a
directory. Considering that CheckMap should be used when something went wrong,
it seems to be a very poorly written piece of code: sometimes it hangs the
whole computer, sometimes it just prints the cryptic message "Map inconsistent
with directory tree" and the only action that it should do to fix the
situation is the swapping between the 2 copies of the map (but see above to
understand why nobody has never been able to use this facility...).

Compact has been a very useful command when the only way to format discs was
D-Format: in fact with E-Format discs it is almost useless. Its function is
to collect together fragmented files or fragmented free space inside zones
(but not from one zone to another). With E-Format discs this operation is
performed automatically when a new file is saved in that zone, but you can
anyway use it 'manually' to speed up future savings (actually the speed gain
is almost irrelevant). With D-Format discs the 'auto-compaction' doesn't
exist and files cannot be fragmented: if there is enough space on the disc
for the file that has to be saved but this free space is fragmented in
small chunks, the error "Compaction required" is issued.


Possible Questions
------------------

 1) Is *Compact useful or it is dangerous?
 2) Can I trust *CheckMap?
 3) What can I do with a broken directory or an undeletable file?
 4) What can I do if *CheckMap doesn't work or tells me that the map is
    inconsistent?
 5) Are there some dangerous actions that can lead to a map corruption?
 6) Does a map corruption imply that some data on the disc has been corrupted
    too?
 7) How can I find if my disc is E-Format?
 8) Is there some program that can be used to unfragment the disc?

Possible Answers...
-------------------

 1) Is *Compact useful or it is dangerous?

On E-Format discs *Compact isn't really useful but it can be used safely if
the map is good. If the map is inconsistent I can't assure you of its
behaviour (ie. I can't exclude that it can cause worse corruptions). Note
that RISC OS can automatically run a 'subset' of Compact when it has to save
a file (especially if the file is large and the free space is limited and
fragmented).

 2) Can I trust *CheckMap?

I have to admit that CheckMap isn't a very well written command but if it says
that the map is good, the map IS good and you have no lost space on your disc.
If it crashes the computer or if it says "Map inconsistent with directory
tree", your map or directory structure IS damaged and the damage can worsen if
not cured soon.

 3) What can I do with a broken directory or an undeletable file?

A broken directory cannot be deleted using standard OS commands and it can
just be considered as a 'normal' undeletable file. To remove it you must use
some directory manipulation program (like Look System's Disc Doctor?) or the
shareware program 'eliminate' (distributed with 'fsck').

 4) What can I do if *CheckMap doesn't work or tells me that the map is
    inconsistent?

Apparently the only thing you can do is to try the shareware program 'fsck'
that performs the same task as *CheckMap but also tries to fix the damage.

 5) Are there some dangerous actions that can lead to a map corruption?

I am not the only person who thinks that having a nearly full HD (say, less
than 1Mb free) can be dangerous, especially if you handle very large files.
Using bugged programs that sometimes can crash the computer while it is
writing to the HD is REALLY dangerous but fortunately there are very few
programs of this kind around...

 6) Does a map corruption imply that some data on the disc has been corrupted
    too?

Generally no. For example if the corruption was caused by a delete operation
that was interrupted after it removed the file from the directory but before
the removal from the map, the map will be inconsistent but no data has been
lost/overwritten.
On the other hand, a 'Broken Directory' can be the evident sign that
something actually has been corrupted on the disc, so you can find that some
other files are damaged. In fact, RISC OS can easily notice the wrong
directory header/checksum but it cannot really understand if a text file has
been corrupted!

 7) How can I find if my disc is E-Format?

You can use the command *Map. If it says "new map" you have an E-Format disc,
otherwise you have an old D-Format disc. When you use *Map, be sure to be in
the correct file system, eventually use the command "XXXXX:Map" where XXXXX
is the name of the file system (ie. IDEFS, ADFS, SCSI, etc.). If the *Map
command doesn't exist, your file system isn't FileCore based (like MemFS,
ArcFS, SparkFS), so what is described in this file can't be applied to it.

 8) Is there some program that can be used to unfragment the disc?

No. However, such a program will not be completely useful since RISC OS
already tries keep files unfragmented. The *Compact command can be useful to
unfragment the free space (and sometimes the files too) inside a zone.
A similar program (but more useful) should be able to move the most used
files (but only the ones that are not continually updated) near the middle
of the disc (ie. near the root directory) but this will require a lot of
time, is generally dangerous and will not provide (probably) a great
improvement in disc access time.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I'd like to thank all the people who contributed to produce a 'working'
version of this document.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

If you have any other question related to HD map, structure, directories,
etc. you can contact me or post to comp.sys.acorn. Any interesting question
will be added to the "Possible questions".
Note that I can be wrong, inexact and vague, so any correction is welcome.
If you think that this file is useless ignore it, if you think it is badly
written, vague, etc. please contact me, possibly with some amendment.

I can be contacted at the following address:
[e-mail]
If you don't receive a reply (or if the message is bounced) I can also be
contacted at:
[e-mail]
or:
[e-mail]